{"id":64507,"date":"2026-05-29T19:43:37","date_gmt":"2026-05-29T16:43:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sfuturem.org\/?p=64507"},"modified":"2026-05-29T19:51:22","modified_gmt":"2026-05-29T16:51:22","slug":"bank-interest-rates-between-jurisprudential-interpretation-and-the-requirements-of-development-in-syria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sfuturem.org\/en\/2026\/05\/bank-interest-rates-between-jurisprudential-interpretation-and-the-requirements-of-development-in-syria\/","title":{"rendered":"Bank interest rates: between jurisprudential interpretation and the requirements of development in Syria"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Syrian People&#8217;s Credit Bank announced the resumption of loans with a fixed annual interest rate, starting in June of this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This news sparked widespread debate on social media and in private gatherings. People were divided between those who rejected interest, considering it usury and therefore forbidden, and those who accepted it out of necessity or based on authoritative fatwas from major religious institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This article does not aim to issue a definitive ruling binding on everyone, but rather to initiate an open discussion that aims to:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Present the various jurisprudential perspectives on the issue objectively.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyze the economic, political, and legal dimensions within the Syrian context.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Invite society to a respectful dialogue that acknowledges differing opinions and leads to practical agreements that serve reconstruction and development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>First, the Jurisprudential Position \u2013 Diversity of Interpretation is a Mercy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Permissibility Approach (Those Who Grant It):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This approach is based on characterizing the relationship between the depositor and the bank as an investment and profit-sharing arrangement, not an interest-bearing loan, and on the absence of the underlying principles of injustice and exploitation. Among the most prominent scholars who issued this ruling are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Egyptian Dar al-Ifta: It has repeatedly issued rulings permitting the depositing of funds in banks and receiving predetermined profits, considering the relationship to be one of financing and investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Islamic Research Academy at Al-Azhar: It issued a resolution in December 2002 permitting investment in banks that predetermine profits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr. Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi (Former Grand Imam of Al-Azhar).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sheikh Mahmoud Shaltout (Former Grand Imam of Al-Azhar).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Note: We note that some sources have attributed a fatwa to His Eminence the Grand Imam, Dr. Ahmed al-Tayeb, but we have not found an official statement issued by him on this matter. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to the documented reference above.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The view of prohibition:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The majority of leading scholars and international Islamic jurisprudence councils consider guaranteed fixed bank interest to be riba al-nasi&#8217;ah, which is categorically prohibited. Among the most prominent are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The International Islamic Fiqh Academy (Jeddah, 1985): &#8220;Any increase or interest on a loan from the beginning of the contract is riba, which is prohibited by Islamic law.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Islamic Fiqh Academy of the Muslim World League (Mecca).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Permanent Committee for Islamic Rulings and the Council of Senior Scholars in Saudi Arabia (the late Sheikh Ibn Baz and Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Islamic Research Academy at Al-Azhar in its previous fatwa in 1965 (before its later retraction).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conclusion of the discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This issue is one of the recognized points of scholarly disagreement, not a matter of established religious doctrine. None of the major Islamic jurisprudence councils have reached a consensus on a single opinion; rather, the disagreement persists. This means that a Muslim is free to follow any trustworthy scholar he chooses, and it is not permissible to force people to adhere to a single legal opinion through coercion or by declaring them infidels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Second, the Economic Vision \u2013 Reconstruction Between Theory and Reality:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Economic Theories Supporting the Role of Interest in Development:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Human Capital Theory (Schultz), which states that growth cannot be achieved without investment in people, and this requires a financial system that attracts deposits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Prosperity Theory, which posits that money sitting outside the banking system (hoarding) is dead money that neither creates jobs nor finances projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global Experience: All modern economies \u2013 including some Islamic countries like Malaysia and Turkey \u2013 use interest as part of their banking system, with parallel Islamic banks also existing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Syrian Reality:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Absence of a Comprehensive Alternative: Although Islamic banks exist in Syria (Al Baraka Bank \u2013 Syria, the National Islamic Bank, and the International Islamic Bank of Syria), their market share remains limited and does not meet the needs of all citizens and businesses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inflation Risks: Unofficial estimates indicate that inflation in Syria has reached high levels in recent years (ranging between 30% and 80% annually at various times). Under such high inflation, keeping savings outside the banking system means a significant erosion of their real value, while interest rates\u2014albeit modest\u2014partially preserve purchasing power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Financial Inclusion: Syria needs to integrate as many citizens and businesses as possible into the formal banking system to ensure transparency, combat corruption, and facilitate reconstruction. Interest rates (or predetermined profits) are currently an indispensable incentive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statistics and Reports (Note: Accurate figures are not currently available):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No recent official statistics are available on the volume of deposits in Syrian banks or the percentage of customers using Islamic banks. Therefore, we encourage the Central Bank of Syria and other banks to publish transparent and up-to-date data to serve as a basis for serious discussion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Third, the Political and Legal Landscape:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Current Legal Framework:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current Syrian law does not prohibit or criminalize bank interest. It also allows for the existence of Islamic banks, and this diversity is a gain for society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Proposed State Policy:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>From the perspective of a civilized Islam that respects freedom of choice and jurisprudential diversity, we propose that the Syrian state adopt a policy based on:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Not forcing people to adhere to a single opinion: It is neither legally nor religiously permissible to confiscate the funds of those who have dealt with banks based on a valid fatwa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Expanding the Islamic infrastructure: Encouraging the establishment of more Islamic banking branches and products, and providing incentives for them, so that they become an available option for those who consider conventional banking impermissible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transparency and disclosure: Obligating conventional banks to clearly disclose that their transactions involve interest, and obligating Islamic banks to disclose their contracts and Sharia-compliant structures, so that the customer can make an informed and discerning choice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Proposed Model (Converting Credit Bank Loans to Islamic Contracts):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The People&#8217;s Credit Bank can offer, alongside its conventional interest-bearing loans, alternative Islamic loans based on:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Murabaha: The bank purchases the commodity (car, machinery, building materials) and sells it to the customer on credit with a declared profit margin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leasing: The bank purchases an asset (house, equipment) and leases it to the client with a promise of ownership at the end of the term.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Partnership: The bank enters into a small or medium-sized project as a partner, and profits are shared according to an agreed-upon percentage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This approach will make the Saudi Credit Bank a leading model in the region, serving everyone regardless of their religious or even jurisprudential affiliations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fourth Open Discussion \u2013 Questions for Syrian Society:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>We invite all interested parties \u2013 scholars, economists, legal experts, and citizens \u2013 to participate in this open discussion by answering the following questions (or adding new ones):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>From a jurisprudential perspective: Can the fatwas of permissibility issued by major institutions (such as Al-Azhar and the Egyptian Dar al-Ifta) be considered a sufficient legal dispensation for Syrian citizens in the absence of a comprehensive Islamic alternative? Or is the opinion of prohibition the stronger one, and should we be patient with it until alternatives become available?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From an economic perspective: How can the economic damage resulting from money remaining outside the banking system (hoarding) be measured compared to the moral damage resulting from dealing with interest?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From a political perspective: Should the state take a specific official stance on this issue (such as declaring interest prohibited or permissible), or should it leave the matter to personal freedom while providing alternatives?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From a practical perspective: What obstacles prevent the conversion of loans from the People&#8217;s Credit Bank into fully Islamic loans? And what solutions are proposed to overcome them?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Societally: How can we discuss this issue without resorting to personal attacks, accusations of apostasy, or questioning the intentions of those who disagree?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion-towards-a-society-that-respects-differing-opinions-and-builds-a-state\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion: Towards a society that respects differing opinions and builds a state:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Syrian Future Movement, in its civilizational vision, believes that differing jurisprudential opinions on contemporary financial matters are not a flaw, but rather an intellectual asset that allows society the flexibility to adapt to changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Furthermore, we do not advocate for the absolute prohibition or permissibility of interest, but rather we call for:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recognizing the legitimacy of differing interpretations and refraining from declaring those who disagree with us as infidels or sinners.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Jurisprudence of Priorities: Prioritizing major interests (such as reconstruction, combating poverty, and financial inclusion) over theoretical debates when they cannot be reconciled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Action: Instead of engaging in fruitless arguments, we focus on providing genuine Islamic alternatives and encouraging investment and production through any means permissible according to the majority of scholars.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We hope that this article will be the beginning of a sophisticated dialogue that will produce practical results that will rebuild Syria\u2019s economy on solid foundations, while at the same time preserving its Islamic identity and national unity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-references\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">References:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>First: Fatwas and Jurisprudential Councils<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jumah, A. (2022, March 29). Fatwa on Bank Interest and Investment. Egyptian Fatwa House.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tantawi, M. S. (1991). Bank Transactions and Their Sharia Rulings (pp. 142-143). Nahdet Misr Publishing House.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Council of the Islamic Research Academy at Al-Azhar. (2002, December 21). Resolution on Investing Funds in Banks that Determine Profits in Advance. Al-Azhar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">International Islamic Fiqh Academy. (1985, December 28). Resolution No. 10 (10\/2) on Banking Transactions with Interest, Proceedings of the Second Session of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy. Organization of Islamic Cooperation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Second: International Reports and Bodies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ESCWA (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia). (2025, January 25). Syria at a Crossroads: A Report on Recovery and Reconstruction. United Nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">World Bank. (2021). Global Findex Database. World Bank Group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Third: Economic Studies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fourth: Syrian Banking Documents<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People&#8217;s Credit Bank. (May 2026). Announcement of the Resumption of Granting Loans to Low-Income Individuals and New Consumer Finance Restrictions. Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade, Syrian Arab Republic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> the issue of bank interest between jurisprudential reasoning and the requirements of the renaissance in Syria in a balanced and enlightened way in this article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":64505,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4667],"tags":[4718],"class_list":["post-64507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-religious-office-en","tag-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.9 (Yoast SEO v26.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bank interest rates: between jurisprudential interpretation and the requirements of development in Syria - \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 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